Police Supervision and Management Complete Unit 3 Essay

Police Supervision and Management Complete Unit 3 - Essay Example Efficiency is the achievement of a given task using the least cost or resources possible. To calculate efficiency, the input must be compared to the output. The cost of input can be estimated, but the output of police may not be readily determined. Nevertheless, for departmental success, the police must perform to a give high output and in turn a high efficiency, which translates to high productivity. Effectiveness refers to the proper performance of tasks to meet the program goals. When police officers are assigned duties, supervisors must make follow-ups to ensure their effectiveness. This confirms why effectiveness is critical in productivity measurement. Equity is the quality of services delivered to the community by police. Timely response, enough patrol units, and equal services to all are some measures of equity. Thus, quality of police services to the community is a measure of their performance. Accountability is the state of being answerable to whether resources are used for the intended purpose or not. Hence, proper use of resources can be monitored by frequent productivity and performance measurement (Iannone, Iannone, & Bernstein, 2009). It is the duty of supervisors to evaluate subordinates’ performance. In regard to this question, the principal issues associated with the ability of supervisors to evaluate subordinates. Also, insights on things that can be applied to minimize the effect of errors in performance ratings will be provided. Some of the methods used in performance evaluation in an agency of law enforcement or a correctional facility will be stated, with their benefits and drawbacks. The main issues associated with the ability of supervisors to evaluate subordinates are Citizen Surveys, Planning and Problem Solving, CompStat, and Subordinates Rating. Approaches employed to minimize rater errors include rater training, enhanced observational skills, use of a

The different between the two families depicted in Flight & your shoes Essay Example for Free

The different between the two families depicted in Flight your shoes Essay The story Flight is about an old man trying to come to terms with his granddaughter growing up. It is form a collection of short stories. The scene is set and the mood of all the characters are established right at beginning of the story. The old man has some pigeons, which he keep as pets. Flight is based around the similarity between the way the old man looks after his pigeons, and how he would like his granddaughters to be controlled and trained the same way. The pigeons are symbols representing his granddaughters. We see, however, that the birds return home. Whether his granddaughters will is another matter. There is a contrast when you look at the syntax in Your Shoes.Which is different from Flight. Here, we have a first person narrative, and because a character is speaking to us, we have the rhythms of speech, changes of direction in the flow of sentences and short, broken speech.This not the cone in Flight which is third person narrative and less personal. Structuarally, the story is very clever. We gradually learn about the woman speaking. At first, we sympathise with her; then learn how she has been horrible to her daughter; how she has tried to control her and keep her unspoilt like the shoes; how she has made the decisions for her; and how, just as she did not get on with her mother, so too this mother-daughter relationship has also collapsed. We are convinced, from the words coming from the womans own mouth, that the failings are her fault. And we move to a final scene in which she is pathetic and sad, locked away from the husband she never loved, pretending love for her daughter and the pair of shoes which symbolises how she would like her daughter to be. Flight is all about growing up and leaving home to starting a new life. For the mother, in this story,Flight this is a natural process, it seems, and she is happy to see her daughters fall in love and marry. The mother is crying,, however because of her father s attitude her father has made all the girls so unhappy by wanting them to be like his birds. Or might it be that she somehow sees his point and is wishing that life could be as simple as he would like it to be that she knows everything might be easier if we could simply return to the coop? Or is she crying for him, because he is so sad and so unfair and wrong? It is up to us to decide! The old man has lost three other granddaughters through marriage. He saw them transformed inside a few months from charming petulant spoiled children into serious young matrons. He is scared of what marriage will do to Alice. When he loses Alice through marriage, he thinks that everything will be gone there will be no more granddaughters at home for him to cherish and he is worried that the girl he loves will change as her sisters did. He is scared of being lonely. He would be left, uncherished and alone, with that square-fronted, calm-eyed woman, his daughter. Therefore, when Alice leaves, he feels that his whole life will be ruined. When he releases his favourite bird (which we can link to Alice), all the other birds go too, because Alice was the one person he had left to love. If she goes, all his capacity to love goes. The mans life will be entirely different with the loss of all his granddaughters it will be entirely different with the loss of all his birds. When he says farewell to one favourite, everything else crumbles for him too. Ending he is now aware, at least that he is how he perceives things. However after releasing the pigeon he turned slowly, taking his time; he lifted his eyes to smile proudly down the garden at his granddaughter. She was starting at him. She did not smile. She was wide-eyed, and pale in the cold shadow, and he saw the tears run shivering of her face. The daughter was still with him.

Limitation of Ratio Analysis

Limitation of Ratio Analysis Limitation of Ratio Analysis Learning Objective Explain to the participants on the limitation of ratio analysis. Important Terms Creative accounting. Accounting Policies. As we have alredy discussed, it is important to compare in order to be able to analyse and to be able to comment and subsequently recommend in order that a business is as efficient as possible. Limitations of Ratios Accounting Information Different Accounting PoliciesThe choices of accounting policies may distort inter company comparisons. Example IAS 16 allows valuation of assets to be based on either revalued amount or at depreciated historical cost. The business may opt not to revalue its asset because by doing so the depreciation charge is going to be high and will result in lower profit. Creative accounting The businesses apply creative accounting in trying to show the better financial performance or position which can be misleading to the users of financial accounting. Like the IAS 16 mentioned above, requires that if an asset is revalued and there is a revaluation deficit, it has to be charged as an expense in income statement, but if it results in revaluation surplus the surplus should be credited to revaluation reserve. So in order to improve on its profitability level the company may select in its revaluation programme to revalue only those assets which will result in revaluation surplus leaving those with revaluation deficits still at depreciated historical cost. Information problems Ratios are not definitive measuresRatios need to be interpreted carefully. They can provide clues to the companys performance or financial situation. But on their own, they cannot show whether performance is good or bad.Ratios require some quantitative information for an informed analysis to be made. Outdated information in financial statementThe figures in a set of accounts are likely to be at least several months out of date, and so might not give a proper indication of the companys current financial position. Historical costs not suitable for decision making IASB Conceptual framework recommends businesses to use historical cost of accounting. Where historical cost convention is used, asset valuations in the balance sheet could be misleading. Ratios based on this information will not be very useful for decision making. Financial statements certain summarised informationRatios are based on financial statements which are summaries of the accounting records. Through the summarisation some important information may be left out which could have been of relevance to the users of accounts. The ratios are based on the summarised year end information which may not be a true reflection of the overall years results. Interpretation of the ratioIt is difficult to generalise about whether a particular ratio is good or bad. For example a high current ratio may indicate a strong liquidity position, which is good or excessive cash which is bad. Similarly Non current assets turnover ratio may denote either a firm that uses its assets efficiently or one that is under capitalised and cannot afford to buy enough assets. Comparison of performance over time Price changesInflation renders comparisons of results over time misleading as financial figures will not be within the same levels of purchasing power. Changes in results over time may show as if the enterprise has improved its performance and position when in fact after adjusting for inflationary changes it will show the different picture. Technology changesWhen comparing performance over time, there is need to consider the changes in technology. The movement in performance should be in line with the changes in technology. For ratios to be more meaningful the enterprise should compare its results with another of the same level of technology as this will be a good basis measurement of efficiency. Changes in Accounting policyChanges in accounting policy may affect the comparison of results between different accounting years as misleading. The problem with this situation is that the directors may be able to manipulate the results through the changes in accounting policy. This would be done to avoid the effects of an old accounting policy or gain the effects of a new one. It is likely to be done in a sensitive period, perhaps when the businesss profits are low. Changes in Accounting standardAccounting standards offers standard ways of recognising, measuring and presenting financial transactions. Any change in standards will affect the reporting of an enterprise and its comparison of results over a number of years. Impact of seasons on tradingAs stated above, the financial statements are based on year end results which may not be true reflection of results year round. Businesses which are affected by seasons can choose the best time to produce financial statements so as to show better results. For example, a tobacco growing company will be able to show good results if accounts are produced in the selling season. This time the business will have good inventory levels, receivables and bank balances will be at its highest. While as in planting seasons the company will have a lot of liabilities through the purchase of farm inputs, low cash balances and even nil receivables. Inter-firm comparison Different financial and business risk profileNo two companies are the same, even when they are competitors in the same industry or market. Using ratios to compare one company with another could provide misleading information. Businesses may be within the same industry but having different financial and business risk. One company may be able to obtain bank loans at reduced rates and may show high gearing levels while as another may not be successful in obtaining cheap rates and it may show that it is operating at low gearing level. To un informed analyst he may feel like company two is better when in fact its low gearing level is because it can not be able to secure further funding. Different capital structures and sizeCompanies may have different capital structures and to make comparison of performance when one is all equity financed and another is a geared company it may not be a good analysis. Impact of Government influenceSelective application of government incentives to various companies may also distort intercompany comparison. One company may be given a tax holiday while the other within the same line of business not, comparing the performance of these two enterprises may be misleading. Window dressingThese are techniques applied by an entity in order to show a strong financial position. For example, MZ Trucking can borrow on a two year basis, K10 Million on 28th December 2003, holding the proceeds as cash, then pay off the loan ahead of time on 3rd January 2004. This can improve the current and quick ratios and make the 2003 balance sheet look good. However the improvement was strictly window dressing as a week later the balance sheet is at its old position. Ratio analysis is useful, but analysts should be aware of these problems and make adjustments as necessary. Ratios analysis conducted in a mechanical, unthinking manner is dangerous, but if used intelligently and with good judgement, it can provide useful insights into the firms operations.

No Stories to Tell :: Philosophy Experiences Papers

Trapped in a Fortune-Cookie Factory with no Stories to Tell Drawing on a distinction between 'primary' and 'secondary' experience derived from J. J. Gibson's ecological psychology, Edward S. Reed argues that our 'psychosocial ills' result from rampant 'degradation of opportunities for primary experience.' That Reed slides easily from 'experience' to 'information' is less due to Gibson's psychology than to the spirit of the time in which he writes: it is a truism that we live in an age of information, where every experience is an act of communication. But, as Reed notes, progress in information technology has been matched by regress in communication. We spend billions on a 'superhighway' that carries every kind of information except the ecological information 'that allows us to experience things for ourselves.' In a pattern familiar from cities shaped by automobiles, the line of this highway traces a virtually impermeable wall. While (sometimes) increasing access to 'processed' information, it (almost always) decreases access to 'ecological' i nformation. This is a 'pedagogical' as well as a 'perceptual' problem; my intent in this paper is to pose the problem clearly as a first step toward addressing it adequately. I have nothing to say, and I am saying it. And that is poetry. —John Cage, Lecture on Nothing (1) Not quite halfway through The Necessity of Experience, Edward S. Reed illustrates the condition of ordinary people in contemporary society by calling to mind an old joke "about a person trapped in a fortune-cookie factory whose only hope for escape is to send out messages inside the cookies." (2)Like most jokes, this one depends on an instantly recognizable account of human experience. Its theme permeates the work of two great twentieth century writers—Samuel Beckett and Franz Kafka—whose names are routinely transformed into adjectives to describe the human condition at the end of the century. Reed finds it disconcerting "that the image conveyed by this joke—stripped of any pretense at humor—is nowadays often used to describe our lives." (3)That neither Beckett nor Kafka abandoned humor—both deepened the humor of this joke until it became inescapably bleak—is a point to which I will return later when I move from Reed's diagnosis to his prescr iption. But first the diagnosis. Reed's argument is laid out with admirable clarity in his prologue, "A Plea for Experience": "the psychosocial ills that beset many of us today—what historian Eric Hobsbawm calls the increasing barbarism of daily life—stem largely from the degradation of opportunities for primary experience that is rampant in all developed and developing societies.

How do feminists view the division of labour

How do feminists view the division of labour within the family home? sy Chelb7 How do feminists view the division of labour within the family home? Feminism is a collection of movements and beliefs aimed at defining and defending women's rights within society and politics aiming for all round equality, A big issue that arises within women rights is inequality in the household. The division of labour in the home is how fairly the jobs are shared between the partners in the household.Sociologists named Young and Willmott carried out a study in 1937 in aethnal Green, London. They looked into the roles in families within the home and come to the conclusion that Over time most families have become The symmetrical family. This implies roles are being shared between the man and women Within the home. They called this the march Of progress. Feminists reject this ‘March Of progress' View as they say roles are not equal within the home. In a research there is evidence that men ‘hel p' at home but it is far from symmetry within the roles.Feminists say that men usually claim to be helping by doing the pleasurable jobs rather than the work, herefore research so far suggests feminists view the division of labour within the family home as unequal. Sociologist Ann Oakley disagrees with Young and Willmotts view. Rather than seeing a march of progress tonards symmetry since 19th century Ilke Young and Willmott do, Oakley describes how â€Å"the housewife role has become the dominant role tor married women†. She also argues that Men only ever ‘help' at home rather than work. Another sociologist supporting Oakley's idea Is Mary Boulton (1983b.During research Boulton found that fewer than of husbands had a major ole in childcare. She argues that Young and Willmott exaggerate men's contribution by look'ng at tasks that involve childcare rather than responsibilities. When reviewing the research so far it becomes apparent that women sociologists (particularly f eminists) support the idea that men rarely take on tasks within the home and that male sociologists support that this is in fact improving and we are on a march towards progress, Twisting this biased view are two sociologists named Hilary Silver (1987) and Juliet Schor (1993).They argued that because of ommercialised good and services the housewife role has almost disappeared, They say that items such as freezers. microwave ovens and ready meals reduce the amount of domestic labour to be done, However critics argue that for poorer women this iS not an Option. Feminists argue that even though commercialisation has been reduced the Other chores are still not shared equallyq The impact Of paid work iS a more recent debate in feminists. Logically if both man and women Of the house are in paid full time work feminists say that the housework should be shared equally between the couple.Feminists argue that this is not the case. women are being made to carry a dual burden. This outcome is d etermined in large part by traditional gender roles that have been accepted by society over time. on the other hand to the feminist view some sociologists argue that women working In full time paid jobs lead to a more equal division of labour. Jonathan Gershuny (1994) found 83% of housework and those who worked part time still done 82%. Wives who worked full time did 73% of housework. Gershuny explains this trend towards greater equality in terms of gradual change in values and parental role models.He argues social values are gradually adapting to the fact more women are working full time. Similarly Oriel Sullivan's (2000) analysis of nationally representative data collected in 1975, 1987 and 1997 found a trend towards greater equality as men did more domestic labour. Particularly there was an increase in couples with an equal division with men doing more traditionally women's Jobs. Feminists view this division of labour as inaccurate. Equality and symmetry within housework would me an each partner is doing 50% of housework and chores.Whereas even sociologists who are gainst the feminist view towards domestic labour are showing in their results that well over 50% of housework is done by women. Sociologist Dunne (1999)done a study on 37 cohabiting lesbian couples with dependent children. Dunne found evidence of symmetry in their relationships. In lesbian relationships household tasks are not linked to a particular gender scripts. This allows lesbian couples to have more equal relationships. For example as one of the women said in Dunne's study â€Å"In heterosexual relationships there is always a subconscious belief that women are upposed to do the housework.This supports the radical feminist view that relationships between men and women are inevitably patriarchal and that women can only achieve equality in same sex relationships. Similarly, Jeffery Weeks (1999) argues that same sex relationships offer greater possibilities of equality because the division of l abour is open to negotiation and agreement and not based on a patriarchal tradition. To conclude evidence shows that a women being in paid work leads to more equality in the division of labour, though probably only if she is in full work.Many feminists argue that in reality the effect of this is limited and women still continue to shoulder a dual or triple burden. Feminists argue that the root of the problem is patriarchy. Patriarchy ensures that women earn less at work and therefore have less bargaining in the home. Patriarchal gender scripts shape societys expectations about the domestic roles within the house. In my opinion until the subconscious belief that women should do the domestic work has being changed by society's outlook feminists will always feel that patriarchy is the main reason for the inequality of labour within the home.

Re Companies at Fault or Is It the Lack of Personal Responsibility?

Are Companies At Fault? Or Is It The lack Of Personal Responsibility? How does one become fat? Is it the lack of responsibility of one's actions to make healthy food choices, the lack of knowledge to know if something is healthy or unhealthy for your body, or television hypnotizing the viewer into buying an unhealthy product? According to surgeon general, obesity has become a health epidemic that needs to be controlled and prevented. Almost a third of America's population is obese and growing. Obesity is also now a wide spread topic that has caught the attention of journalists and health activists.Writers all over America have an opinion on the obesity epidemic such as Radley Balko who wrote the article â€Å"What You Eat Is Your Business. † Is obesity a medical condition or a consequence of a person's food choice? In Balko's article, he argues that the government is attempting to control what Americans consume and that obesity is caused by poor food choices. He tells us that the government is removing junk food and sodas from school vending machines, wanting more labeling (such as warning labels), and restricting food marketing to children. In other words, bringing government between your waist line† (158). Balko speaks the government is fighting obesity the wrong way by removal of the vending machine snacks, taxing more on higher calorie foods, and having restaurants send their food creations into a nutritional lab to be tested. He thinks the right way to defeat and handle obesity is to give the people a choice to want to be obese or improve your physical self. â€Å"†¦ Government ought to be working to foster a sense of responsibility in and ownership of one's own health and well-being† (158).Balko tells us that â€Å"the best way to alleviate the obesity public health crisis is to remove obesity from the realm of public health† (159). Balko thinks that Americans need to be able to choose healthy on their own without the gover nment's interference. If America is educated about food health, the better choice can be made. It is up to the individual to choose a salad or a home cooked meal over a Big Mac. People are smart enough to know what to put into their bodies. Another writer who wrote about obesity is John H. Banzhaf who's article is opposite of Balko's views.Banzhaf, the man who wields the law as a weapon against fast food companies. Banzhaf wants congress to figure out a solution for the obesity crisis and he is disappointed that congress is supporting a bill that gives fast food companies immunity from all liability. he does not think that obesity is caused by the lack of personal responsibility, he explains that the â€Å"rise of obesity and obesity related diseases occurred largely within the past 15-20 years, and there is no evidence that there has been a corresponding drop in and/or parental responsibility† (163).He thinks that if law suits against tobacco companies are effective, he can have the same effectiveness against the fast food industry. According to Banzhaf, fast food industries should be held liable for its key role in the ascension of obesity. His thoughts on what congress should do to help go against obesity before thinking about giving fast food industries immunity is to â€Å"A. have the fast food industries display information about calories and fat in their menus†¦ , B. e required that all fast food restaurants provide appropriate warning about the danger of eating fattening foods too often, C. require that all fast food restaurants provide more nutritious alternative menu†¦ , and require that all food item intended for children – provide fat and calorie content†¦ † (165-166). Banzhaf's article disagrees with Balko's argument because Banzhaf points most of the blame for obesity toward fast food and is arguing that it is not lack of responsibility, but the lack of nutritional knowledge and availability of healthy food.He wants the FFR to be liable for the contribution in the obesity epidemic and for not well informing their customers properly about the content of their food. Yves Engler would agree with Banzhaf with his article â€Å"Obesity: Much of the Responsibility Lies with Corporations. † Engler begins with his article with statistics of why obesity s now a large health crisis such as claiming that almost a third of the U. S. population obese and that the rate of obesity has doubled within 13 years.He found link through researchers that obesity is connected to 30 other medical conditions and he learned that the epidemic is costing billions of dollars to treat obesity related conditions, and people are putting more faith into weight loss drugs and surgery, rather than naturally losing weight through exercise. He has discovered that FFR are more available in walking distance from a home than supermarkets. â€Å"Poor areas often have had an even higher exposure to FFR and fewer super mark ets†¦ † (174). In Englers studies, fast food products are consumed in greater quantities (175).The amount food you receive has increased into bigger portions and according to angler people consume 30 percent more since 1983. Companies spend billions of dollars to advertise their products and their main target are children. Engler says that animated characters and toy gain the attention of children, thus making the children have their parents come in and eat at the restaurant. â€Å"Companies use cartoon characters, toys, and other items to have powerful influence over children† (175). The soda companies invaded schools to gain profit children.Engler's argument is that companies are relentless in selling their unhealthy products and succeeding in their sales. With the company's success leads to an obese America. Engler can connect with Balko's article because children/teenagers/adults need to take responsibility in their food and drink choices and consume in moderat ion of the unhealthy choices. Engler also connects well with Banzhaf because Banzhaf is going against the FFR, the same as Engler is and that fast food is a key factor for the cause of obesity.Cathy Arnst has a different view on the subject on is obesity caused by a lack pr personal responsibility or is it the food we eat. Cathy Arnst does not think that obesity is caused by our lack or personal responsibility in what we eat. She emphasizes that the foods we eat have more calories than what they used to be in the past. â€Å"Two new studies conclude that the food industry is following the tobacco industry’s play book to ensure that we keep loading up on calories, and as a result virtually all of the weight gain in the U. S. ver the last 30 years can be attributed to eating more, not moving less† (01). She say that having no physical activity plays no role in why we have an obesity epidemic. People today just eat more than what we used to in the past. Cathy can relate t o Banzhaf and Engler because the problem is the food that’s available. So like what Banzhaf was saying, there should be an alternative healthy menu. Finally, who really is at fault for causing the obesity epidemic? All writers have made good points on why this happened and good ideas of actions we should make.People are at fault for the food choices they eat and corporations are at fault for selling high calorie foods that cause fat tissue to grow. Also corporation irresponsibility for targeting children mainly for buying their products through their advertisements because they are teaching a generation to buy unhealthy foods and saying it’s ok. If this Epidemic is to ever be solved, instead of pointing what is causing it, make choices as an individual to make the next day healthier for yourself because every adult is responsible for their own well being.

Biography of William McKinley, 25th U.S. President

Biography of William McKinley, 25th U.S. President William McKinley (January 29, 1843–September 14, 1901) was the 25th president of the United States. Prior to that, he was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives and the governor of Ohio. McKinley was assassinated by an anarchist less than a year into his second term as president. Fast Facts: William McKinley Known For: McKinley was the 25th president of the United States; he oversaw the beginning of U.S. imperialism in Latin America.Born: January 29, 1843 in Niles, OhioParents: William McKinley Sr.  and Nancy McKinleyDied: September 14, 1901 in Buffalo, New YorkEducation: Allegheny College, Mount Union College, Albany Law SchoolSpouse: Ida Saxton (m. 1871–1901)Children: Katherine, Ida Early Life William McKinley was born on January 29, 1843 in Niles, Ohio, the son of  William McKinley, Sr., a pig iron manufacturer, and  Nancy Allison McKinley. He had four  sisters and three brothers. McKinley attended public school and in 1852 enrolled in the Poland Seminary. When he was 17, he enrolled in Allegheny College in Pennsylvania but soon dropped out due to illness. He never returned to college because of financial difficulties and instead taught for a while at a school near Poland, Ohio. Civil War and Legal Career After the Civil War began in 1861, McKinley enlisted in the Union Army and became part of the 23rd Ohio Infantry. Under Colonel Eliakim P. Scammon, the unit headed east to Virginia. It eventually joined the Army of the Potomac and participated in the bloody Battle of Antietam. For his service, McKinley was made a second lieutenant. He later saw action at the Battle of Buffington Island and in Lexington, Virginia. Near the end of the war, McKinley was promoted to major. After the war, McKinley studied law with an attorney in Ohio and later at Albany Law School. He was admitted to the bar in 1867. On January 25, 1871, he married  Ida Saxton. Together they had two daughters, Katherine and Ida, but both sadly died as infants. Political Career In 1887, McKinley was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. He served until 1883 and again from 1885 to 1891. He was elected governor of Ohio in 1892 and held the post until 1896. As governor, McKinley supported other Republicans running for office and promoted business inside the state. In 1896, McKinley was nominated to run for president as the Republican Party nominee with Garret Hobart as his running mate. He was opposed by William Jennings Bryan, who, upon accepting the Democratic nomination, gave his famous Cross of Gold speech in which he denounced the gold standard. The main issue of the campaign was what should back the U.S. currency, silver or gold. McKinley was in favor of the gold standard. In the end, he won the election with 51 percent of the popular vote and 271 out of 447 electoral votes. McKinley easily won the nomination for president again in 1900 and was again opposed by William Jennings Bryan. Theodore Roosevelt ran as McKinleys vice president. The main issue of the campaign was Americas growing imperialism, which the Democrats spoke out against. McKinley won the election with 292 out of 447 electoral votes. Presidency During McKinleys time in office, Hawaii was annexed. This would be the first step toward statehood for the island territory. In 1898, the Spanish-American War began with the Maine incident. On February 15, the U.S. battleship  Maine- which was stationed in Cubas Havana harbor- exploded and sank, killing 266 of the crew members. The cause of the explosion is not known to this day. However, the press- led by newspapers such as those published by William Randolph Hearst- published articles claiming that Spanish mines had destroyed the ship. Remember the Maine! became a popular rallying cry. On April 25, 1898, the United States declared war against Spain. Commodore George Dewey destroyed Spains  Pacific fleet, while Admiral William Sampson destroyed the Atlantic fleet. U.S. troops then captured Manila and took possession of the Philippines. In Cuba, Santiago was captured. The U.S. also captured Puerto Rico before Spain asked for peace. On December 10, 1898, the Paris Peace Treaty was signed. Spain gave up its claim to Cuba and gave Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippine Islands to the United States in exchange for $20 million. The acquisition of these territories marked a major turning point in American history; the nation, previously somewhat isolated from the rest of the world, became an imperial power with interests around the globe. In 1899, Secretary of State John Hay created the Open Door policy, where the United States asked for China to make it so that all nations would be able to trade equally in China. However, in June 1900 the Boxer Rebellion occurred, and the Chinese targeted Western missionaries and foreign communities. The Americans joined forces with Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan to stop the rebellion. One final important act during McKinleys time in office was the passage of the Gold Standard Act, which officially placed the United States on the gold standard. Death McKinley was shot two times by anarchist Leon Czolgosz while the president was visiting the Pan-American Exhibit in Buffalo, New York, on September 6, 1901. He died on September 14, 1901. Czolgosz stated that he shot McKinley because he was an enemy of working people. He was convicted of the murder and died by electrocution on October 29, 1901. Legacy McKinley is best remembered for his role in U.S. expansionism; during his time in office, the nation became a world colonial power, controlling territories in the Caribbean, Pacific, and Central America. McKinley was also the third of four U.S. presidents who have been assassinated. His face appears on the $500 bill, which was discontinued in 1969. Sources Gould, Lewis L.  The Presidency of William McKinley. Lawrence: Regents Press of Kansas, 1980.Merry, Robert W.  President McKinley: Architect of the American Century. Simon Schuster Paperbacks, an Imprint of Simon Schuster, Inc., 2018.Morgan, H. W.  William McKinley and His America. 1964.

Free Essays on Target Stores

Target was introduced to America in 1962 in Roseville, Minnesota, a child of the department store Dayton. The idea for Target was born when American’s started demanding that stores sell goods in a more efficient manner. Their claim to fame is that they were the â€Å"first retail store to offer well-known national brands at discounted prices.† By the 1970’s Target was adding electronic cash registers to track sales and stock and to assist in customer service. Each year annual shopping events were held to benefit people with disabilities and senior citizens. The 80’s proved to be a decade where Target continuously expanded and added services such as electronic scanning throughout the nation which helped pave their way into the 90’s. In the 90’s Target launched its own, personal credit card, Target Greenland Store, guest registry, national bridal registry and introduced it’s first SuperTarget store; a Target store that combined the finer points of the Greenland Store with a grocery store and other special service, it also has it’s own on-line store, Target.com, which enables it to meet the needs and demands of a vaster market. Target is competing with the likes of JC Penny’s, Wal-mart, Kohl’s, Kauffman’s and K-Mart. Now here we are in the 2002 with Target operating over 1,107 stores in 47 states and employing approximately 192,000 people. How’s that for growth? II. Environmental Analysis Our local Target store has three major competitors, with each competitor being on a different level economically than Target, but yet catering to the same class of people. These three major competitors would be K-mart, at a lower level, Wal-mart at a slightly lower level the Target and then JC Penny’s at a higher level and the Kauffman’s at a higher level. Target falls right in between Wal-mart and JC Penny’s in their quality and cost. Each department store carries similar items such as clothing... Free Essays on Target Stores Free Essays on Target Stores Target was introduced to America in 1962 in Roseville, Minnesota, a child of the department store Dayton. The idea for Target was born when American’s started demanding that stores sell goods in a more efficient manner. Their claim to fame is that they were the â€Å"first retail store to offer well-known national brands at discounted prices.† By the 1970’s Target was adding electronic cash registers to track sales and stock and to assist in customer service. Each year annual shopping events were held to benefit people with disabilities and senior citizens. The 80’s proved to be a decade where Target continuously expanded and added services such as electronic scanning throughout the nation which helped pave their way into the 90’s. In the 90’s Target launched its own, personal credit card, Target Greenland Store, guest registry, national bridal registry and introduced it’s first SuperTarget store; a Target store that combined the finer points of the Greenland Store with a grocery store and other special service, it also has it’s own on-line store, Target.com, which enables it to meet the needs and demands of a vaster market. Target is competing with the likes of JC Penny’s, Wal-mart, Kohl’s, Kauffman’s and K-Mart. Now here we are in the 2002 with Target operating over 1,107 stores in 47 states and employing approximately 192,000 people. How’s that for growth? II. Environmental Analysis Our local Target store has three major competitors, with each competitor being on a different level economically than Target, but yet catering to the same class of people. These three major competitors would be K-mart, at a lower level, Wal-mart at a slightly lower level the Target and then JC Penny’s at a higher level and the Kauffman’s at a higher level. Target falls right in between Wal-mart and JC Penny’s in their quality and cost. Each department store carries similar items such as clothing...

An overview and history of rape laws in the UK

An overview and history of rape laws in the UK Disclaimer: This work has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work produced by our Law Essay Writing Service . You can view samples of our professional work here . Rape in UK courts and law The Rape Crisis Federation (hereinafter RCF) was founded in 1996 as a national co-ordinating body for the rape crisis association in England and Wales. The strategic intentions of the establishment had been to secure a voice for the sixty three self-regulating, locally based rape crisis groups that represented its membership; to lobby and campaign for amendments in legislation on sexual violence and to acquire statutory funding for rape crisis centres. [1] RCF was a powerful and vociferous campaigner for female survivors of sexual violence and for the services that are to present support for such women. It effectively petitioned on a considerable amount of legislative and policy related matters, for example, the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 and most recently the Sexual Offences Act 2003. It was not however triumphant in protecting statutory, central funding for rape crisis services in spite of campaigning to bring England and Wales in lin e with other European countries. It frequently lobbied the Government on ensuring that the rights of women in England and Wales were corresponding to those women elsewhere in Europe but with no advantage. In November 2003, RCF was closed due to a lack of funding. The closure of the establishment was by no means owing to a lack of requirement for such a body. Indeed, there were 5,759 reports of rape in 1996 and by 2003 there were reports of over 9,000. [2] The conviction rate for rape is approximately 5.8%; revealing the worst intensity in the whole of Europe. [3] Nevertheless, RCF has presented the Government, the Police, the CPS and several other associations with knowledge on the subject of sexual violence. It has performed on a global level, working with groups, both in Europe and internationally, to force the concern of sexual violence securely onto the political and public agenda. [4] The concerns relating to sexual violence are remaining and the rape crisis movement will, i t is submitted, deeply miss the dexterity of a national organization. For this reason, the support of victims of rape has been severely tarnished by the Federation’s closure. The lack of support of rape victims is emphasised by the special rules of evidence and procedure for rape trials. These provisions have caused considerable controversy and reflect further the lack of support offered to victims of rape. The ensuing discussion shows that this lack of support is symbolic in the current law of rape. Until 1994, a mandatory corroboration declaration had to be specified at a rape trial. It intended that the judges constantly had to advise the jury that it was injudicious to convict on the woman’s evidence alone. That did not indicate that there could be no conviction without evidence corroborating what the woman alleged, although evidently juries may place great significance on what the judge had to disclose, and the caution could have presented uncertainties where non e would have existed without it. The caution seemed to mean that women were liars, and prone to claim rape where none had taken place. In 1991 the Law Commission suggested that the corroboration decree should be eliminated and the Royal Commission on Criminal Justice in 1993 agreed. Owing to these recommendations, and prevalent disapproval of the caution, ss. 32 and 33 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 eradicated the mandatory corroboration declaration. On the other hand, this does not straightforwardly resolve the predicament. Even though it is not at present mandatory to issue the caution, judges may still supply it where they deem it to be crucial and, given the assertions which some of our judges have declared on rape, it is dubious whether this responsibility is reliable at their discretion. [5]

Identity Development And Societal Attitudes of Gay, Lesbian And Essay

Identity Development And Societal Attitudes of Gay, Lesbian And Bisexual Adolescents - Essay Example ormation of self-identity is closely connected with the formation of sexual identity and as well as with individual’s sexual relations and societal behaviors. In the process of LGB identity formation and realization, an individual makes an attempt to solve a problem of internalized homophobia and redirects negative attitudes into negative attitudes. Further on, an individual feels comfortable when his â€Å"hidden† LGB identity is revealed by others. In order to trace the stages of LGB identity formation, it is relevant to refer to the modern literary sources that were focused on this issue. Having given a brief review to the modern scholarly journals, we can clearly see that identity formation among gays, lesbians and bisexuals is generally associated with the most important age stages. In these studies a linear research is provided. In other words, it is studied the way an individual is evolving from the stage of sexual attraction to sexual activities. In accordance w ith recent studies, the main changes in the process of identity development occurred among adolescent women and young men (Diamond, 2000, 2003; Dickson, Paul, & Herbison, 2003). If to summarize the results of these studies, we can see that very often adolescents do not identify them as LGB individuals. Thus, Diamond (2000;2003) has claimed that 70% â€Å"were consistent in their self-identification as lesbian, bisexual or unlabeled after two years, and 50% were consistent after five years† (cited from Hutson, 2009). Few young men identified themselves as â€Å"straight†. Among 216 bisexual males, only 17% became heterosexually oriented, while 15% remained homosexually oriented (Hutson, 2009). The reasons for such an unexpected shift among adolescents, who tend to develop their homosexual or lesbian... This paper stresses that there is a lack of humanity in the modern society. There are a lot of religious, social or homophobic principles that prevent people from being tolerant to people other than they. Nevertheless, it should be noted that there is a need to propagate a correct social stereotype about homosexuals and bisexuals. In case contemporaries remain homophobes, we would come closer to racist society. A propagation of a humane attitude to gays, lesbians and bisexuals is a relevant measure that has to be taken by the contemporaries. These individuals are full right citizens of our society. They should be free in making their personal choices and have the same freedoms as all other members of the society. There is no need to prevent these individuals from their right of becoming full-right participants of the society. Homosexuality is not an intimidating factor for the modern society. Thus, it is more relevant to be patient and tolerant to these individuals. Moreover, taking into account the fact that LGB individuals are responsive members of their communities, perfect parents and devoted spouse means that there is no deviance in the behavior of these individuals. It is better to create more favorable conditions for the full-fledged development of identities of LGB individuals. This report makes a conclusion that in case the modern society is more open to representatives of LGB, the latter would have a chance to live and function under no oppression. In this case, their self-and sexual identities would develop in harmony. Their clear sexual identification would facilitate a process of their further socialization. In spite of the fact that these people are often oppressed, they remain open and tolerant members of the society. If to treat them the way they treat all other people, the society would be more humane and full of respect.

Famous German Women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Famous German Women - Essay Example , she met her future husband Adam Selbert, who was chair of "Workers and Soldiers Council" in Niederzwehren near Kassel, who influenced her to involve herself in politics and she even joined Germany Social Democrat by 1918. Consequently, after the formation of Weimar Republic when women received right to vote and Selbert campaigned for women to involve themselves in politics. She also encouraged women to live up to their dreams and support their families as they have the ability to do so and had equal rights as men (Dunn, 1987). Moreover, she was instrumental in the fight for equal rights and is accredited to the inclusion of the sentence, â€Å"Men and women are equal before the law† in the German Basic law. In order to empower her political work, she joined baccalaureate as an external candidate where she studied law and political science at first at University of Marburg and shortly afterwards at the University of Gà ¶ttingen. In conclusion, she being a professional lawyer championed for equal rights and encouraged women to be ready to take up positions and responsibilities till her death on June 9, 1986. Dunn, John F. (Dec 13 1987). "Stamps; Recent Issues Honor Famous Personages." New York Times: A.110. Retrieved from

Discuss the rationale for investing in nutrition for the under 5s Essay

Discuss the rationale for investing in nutrition for the under 5s. Does this lead us to the conclusion that it is not worth investing in education interventions for older children - Essay Example Most are also likely to have experienced illnesses and then died at an early age. The research also shows that this lead to income loses in their lifetime. This may lead one to believe that investing in older children’s education is also worth as compared to nutrition. This paper will discuss the rationale for investing in nutrition for the under 5’s and argue that this does not lead to the conclusion that it is not worth investing in education interventions for older children. Healthy children get smart brains. Hence, they get educated well and bring income to a country. When the younger generation is educated, it may invest in the future businesses of a country. This may lead to the creation of a higher national income in the economy. Another advantage would be a reduction of poverty in the future. This is because as this is a younger generation when grown up they would be well prepared to create businesses. Investing in older children’s education should thus be encouraged (Naudeau, 2011:3). Investing on nutrition of children under the age helps children are healthy to be healthy and prevents mental retardation. Mental illnesses bring adult diseases to these individuals when they grow older later in their lives and makes children to be slow learners. Research evidence shows that adult illnesses are more prevalent among those who experienced adverse problems when they were young. This thus shows early life interventions among children should be done to promote heath of individuals. Apart from retardation, bad health also leads to physically challenged children. This hence makes them reluctant to work thus reducing how they work. This issue in turn makes them fail to bring income to a country and to themselves too (Kogali & Krafft, 2015:3). It also helps in preventing certain illnesses that may affect them in future. An example of the illnesses that are associated with poor early childhood nutrition is obesity. The

Female Orgasm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Female Orgasm - Essay Example Once at the point of a sexual high they are in a rhythmic stage which allows them to feel at the precept of having an orgasm. However, it can be factually said that many men have no idea of where to even begin in bringing a woman to this point, let alone to a climax because the woman's human anatomy is far more complex than the man's is. Therefore many women suffer from sexual frustration because they are not granted the same pleasure sexually that their male counterpart is. There are different forms of orgasms that are easier to obtain than from vaginal intercourse alone. These three different female orgasms are known as, clitoral, G-spot, and then of course the vaginal. Researchers who have studied the interactions of sex among human beings have found that many women have clitoral orgasms far easier than they do the G-spot or through vaginal intercourse. The reasoning in-behind this is the fact that women have to have clitoral stimulation while there is sexual penetration in order to gain a fulfilling orgasm, which many men fail to give to women. This is one of the reasons that it has been discovered many women fake their orgasms because their partners are not fulfilling their sexual needs. This can be validated and proven by showing that a study carried out by the American Medical Association defined the fact that 43 % of women are sexually dysfunctional and do not have regular orgasmic experiences during sexual interactions (Oumano 2000, p. 34). Als o, another 10 % to 15 % of women never even have an orgasm, not even through their own masturbation techniques. In cases such as these the male partner is not to blame but it is rather an anatomical dysfunction or it could perhaps be psychological as well. Also, viable evidence shows that many women, around 30 % to be exact never have an orgasm through vaginal penetration alone, which validates the fact that was stated, which emphasized that vaginal intercourse along with clitoral stimulation is the way to bring about a fulfilling orgasm for the woman.Because of this fact, and in order to demystify the vaginal and G-spot orgasmic experience, many researchers claim that the clitoral area is where all orgasms stem from (Oumano 2000, p. 35). However this can be refuted itself because many women claim that no two orgasms are ever the same and some are more intensely pleasing than others, especially those who are directly from clitoral stimulation and oral sex. Also, from a philosophical context, Fr eud stated that women who could experience an orgasm during sexual intercourse must be experiencing a vaginal orgasm as many philosophers, psychologists, researchers, and even doctors do not believe that the G-spot truly exists (Rudolf 1997, p. 63). This idea has led to many debates over orgasms among women as a woman knows her body far better than anyone else and she should know whether there is truth in the G-spots existence or not. Clearly women would not agree with Freud as they commonly know that there is a G-spot in their female anatomy. Also, of course if they have actually had the sensational experience of the penis making contact with this area then they assuredly know it exists. Therefore, the conflicting views leaves some puzzlement over why the

The Role of Promotion in Marketing Research Paper - 1

The Role of Promotion in Marketing - Research Paper Example This paper illustrates that Starbucks used to advertise in an effective manner its coffee shops. The words used to advertise Starbucks coffee shops were â€Å"Starbucks Coffee†; however, the company has created a new logo and this has changed the old perceptions and created new ones concerning the company. The company is undergoing a considerable change and it is moving away from just being a coffee company to a beverage and food company. The social media is one place that Starbucks has ventured into extensively; in Twitter and Facebook, the company has 705,000 and 5,428,000 followers respectively. The Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee is not an exception; the company is using the internet extensively to advertise its brand. Apart from getting the coffee from the stores, the customer can purchase the product online through the many online advertisements such as igourmet.com. Advertising as a promotional mix tool is appropriate for both companies. Majority of the organizations (bot h large and small) that depend on marketing to develop consumer interest, make constant use of advertising to assist them in meeting their marketing objectives. The task entails frequent development of advertising campaigns which involve a number of decisions for creating, evaluating, planning, and delivering an advertising effort. For both companies, advertising as indicated earlier on has proved to be a beneficial tool in marketing their products and attracting customers. Direct sales entail oral communication with potential buyer. This promotion mix tool is not appropriate for both companies since it focuses is only on creating a relationship with the buyer. The method is costly and there are many hidden costs.

Discuss the rationale for investing in nutrition for the under 5s Essay

Discuss the rationale for investing in nutrition for the under 5s. Does this lead us to the conclusion that it is not worth investing in education interventions for older children - Essay Example Most are also likely to have experienced illnesses and then died at an early age. The research also shows that this lead to income loses in their lifetime. This may lead one to believe that investing in older children’s education is also worth as compared to nutrition. This paper will discuss the rationale for investing in nutrition for the under 5’s and argue that this does not lead to the conclusion that it is not worth investing in education interventions for older children. Healthy children get smart brains. Hence, they get educated well and bring income to a country. When the younger generation is educated, it may invest in the future businesses of a country. This may lead to the creation of a higher national income in the economy. Another advantage would be a reduction of poverty in the future. This is because as this is a younger generation when grown up they would be well prepared to create businesses. Investing in older children’s education should thus be encouraged (Naudeau, 2011:3). Investing on nutrition of children under the age helps children are healthy to be healthy and prevents mental retardation. Mental illnesses bring adult diseases to these individuals when they grow older later in their lives and makes children to be slow learners. Research evidence shows that adult illnesses are more prevalent among those who experienced adverse problems when they were young. This thus shows early life interventions among children should be done to promote heath of individuals. Apart from retardation, bad health also leads to physically challenged children. This hence makes them reluctant to work thus reducing how they work. This issue in turn makes them fail to bring income to a country and to themselves too (Kogali & Krafft, 2015:3). It also helps in preventing certain illnesses that may affect them in future. An example of the illnesses that are associated with poor early childhood nutrition is obesity. The

The Role of Promotion in Marketing Research Paper - 1

The Role of Promotion in Marketing - Research Paper Example This paper illustrates that Starbucks used to advertise in an effective manner its coffee shops. The words used to advertise Starbucks coffee shops were â€Å"Starbucks Coffee†; however, the company has created a new logo and this has changed the old perceptions and created new ones concerning the company. The company is undergoing a considerable change and it is moving away from just being a coffee company to a beverage and food company. The social media is one place that Starbucks has ventured into extensively; in Twitter and Facebook, the company has 705,000 and 5,428,000 followers respectively. The Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee is not an exception; the company is using the internet extensively to advertise its brand. Apart from getting the coffee from the stores, the customer can purchase the product online through the many online advertisements such as igourmet.com. Advertising as a promotional mix tool is appropriate for both companies. Majority of the organizations (bot h large and small) that depend on marketing to develop consumer interest, make constant use of advertising to assist them in meeting their marketing objectives. The task entails frequent development of advertising campaigns which involve a number of decisions for creating, evaluating, planning, and delivering an advertising effort. For both companies, advertising as indicated earlier on has proved to be a beneficial tool in marketing their products and attracting customers. Direct sales entail oral communication with potential buyer. This promotion mix tool is not appropriate for both companies since it focuses is only on creating a relationship with the buyer. The method is costly and there are many hidden costs.

Happiness Paradox Essay Example for Free

Happiness Paradox Essay This chapter, titled Feeling Free, is all about freedom and humans need to feel it. Ziyad Marar begins the chapter comparing happiness to freedom, saying how â€Å"[freedoms] current expression has a relatively recent and local† (Marar 39), which is similar to his view on happiness. Marar goes on saying how people have been striving for freedom, but claims more freedom brings bad consequences. People are blinded by mass media, the consumer society, management gurus, therapists and Hollywood who all relentlessly preach about freedom and self-expression. He ends the first section by stating that people need to â€Å"celebrate freedom without denying its corrosive qualities; even to admire those very qualities† (Marar 43). Since freedom is a something humans naturally strive for, and the main driving force in modern civilization, it has a strong impact on most things that humans do (Marar). The next two sections talk about how humans find freedom in the wild and in self-creation. Society is a form of conformity, which â€Å"loses you time and blurs the impression of your character† (Marar 46) and it is human nature to not be held down by conformity. This creates a need to be in the wild, away from everything society has to offer, an escape. Marar connects this to the idea of becoming lost in one’s imagination, or the lack of it. As children we are consumed by our world of imagination, using our creativity and self-expression in its purest form, something lost in adults. Children are free to do and say as they please, they are not tied down by the conformity that adults are. This lack of freedom and expression in adults can be compared to a restriction of our humanly instincts, since it is human nature that we find the need to be free (Marar). Marar goes on to relate freedom to sex, death, and the ‘search for strange’. â€Å"Perversion, obsessions, the apparent mutability of the most mundane objects into the stuff of erotic fantasy, all remind us that the realm of eroticism is dominated by the need to walk on the wild side. † (Marar 53). Sex is something that, like freedom, is something humans instantly strive for, and like freedom is restricted through civilization trying to make us conform to the social norm. Humans seek freedom in sex, it is a time when our inner most instincts come out. This freedom comes in two forms, the freedom to and the freedom from. We all have the freedom to discover, create, and fantasize, but only some are free from structures, schemes, codes, and above all other people. Freedom of people opposes the claim that humans need to feel justified, since justification is all about other people. The section ends by stating how death is the ultimate form of death, and agrees with Freud and his though of the death instincts and how all human life is striving towards death, for it is the final escape to freedom (Marar). The last section of the chapter is about the freedom from language, or the perspective of others. He uses the holidays as an example, the way we remember them though pictures and stories. Through retelling we move away from the personal aspect the memory has, it seems â€Å"to create a concept to flee from language† (Marar 57). To pursue this freedom, to the point when you are uninterpretable to others, is when people start to see you as crazy or insane. This is where the paradox lies, for we seek freedom and justification but to be free is to stop caring for the justification of others. On the other hand with justification of others you are giving up your freedoms (Marar).

QAs on organisational culture and change

QAs on organisational culture and change Enriching Jobs at Standard Decoy – Questions and Answers How did the â€Å"odd Ducks† program enrich the jobs at standard Decoy? The â€Å"Standard Decoy† company in Witchell was famous for making traditional wooden hunting trap since 1927. After taking the charge of his inherited business, Stewart Alcorn, grandson of Cyrus Witchell, wanted to increase the productivity of individual worker which was staying in a monotonous position for ten years. He noticed that most of his employees worked casually with no improvement and they do not feel any enjoyment and enthusiasm in their work. After surveying the whole situation at the company, he started the job rotation technique and appointed some highly eligible workers to guide and help the co –workers for better improvement and to bring a little bit enthusiasm in their work. But, when all are in vain, he eventually noticed that one of the rough cutter whittling some blocks of wood with an ordinary knife in an incorrect process and it looked surprisingly like a duck in an odd way and the paint that he made make it even odder. When the handmade ducks na med as â€Å"Odd Ducks† was prepared for selling, the customers were gladly accepted the odd ducks as fine tuning product of handmade. This program gradually increased the net production and the workers made it even better by applying the company’s tools and materials and thus enriched the jobs at Standard Decoy. What motivated workers to participate in making the odd Ducks? The process of hand making odd ducks was more simpler than before and it was made at any spare time and the cost of production is very low and time saving and also, the workers also got the opportunity to show their skills in making the crafts and brought them home to display on their mantels in spite of the precise amount of income. Managing Stress and Work Life Balance – Questions and Answers What signs of stress was Larry Field exhibiting? The reflection of signs of stress was began to exhibit on Larry Field when he was plan to marry Alice Shiflette, class valedictorian with over confidence of his low paid job as survey crew under a local surveyor, William Loude. But, a year later when their first child was born, Larry was afraid of how to care the baby as Alice was also doing a full time day job as a secretary in a local company and moreover, he himself wasn’t making much money. To reduce his mental stress, he enjoyed playing basketball and spending some times on the softball field with his high school buddies. But, that was not good enough to reduce his stress and that’s why he asked Mr. Loude for promotion and eventually he got the offer and after two months, he was given the post of the crew chief more surprisingly with a jump in salary. But, it was also scared him as he was neither ambitious or curious nor good enough to run the instruments he handled and every morning when he woke up, it made him te rrified. Every night, he was spent with a night mare of insecurity that he was appointed a job which was not suitable for his basic knowledge and moreover, highly educated crew members were appointed as juniors under him. All the time he was so tensed and scared that he was frequently stumble his own words and turned his face red while he was stammering. His co-workers were offended with him as he was addicted to smoking and motivated them to do this. The situation also became tensed at home as Alice have to give up her full time job with a night job to take care the baby and he realised that he had to spend his day at drinking, worrying about the next day and look after his baby at night. How was Larry Field trying to cope with his stress? Larry Field was trying to cope with his stress by playing basketball and spending some times on the softball field with his high school buddies. He was also enjoyed smoking to reduce his work stress. He should overcome his unhealthy situation by searching a job that was suitable for him in all respect rather than engaging himself in stress of addiction and also a consultation with his wife might be lead to a better life. Organizational Culture: How would you describe the organization culture at Plant World? Definition of organization culture is imparting of the flavour of the concepts. The characteristics of organization are to focus on ideology norms, and customs, share values. It is a kind of pattern of basic assumption that discovered or rather developed by group. A winning plant culture is simple and introduces following three areas: Serve the customer Grow the business Develop employees How large can such a company get before it needs to change its culture and structure? By proper leadership and to maintain some following steps can increase plan culture: Three to four guiding principles defines the position of an employee: Sr. Leader has a capability to define in simple terms about the organization. For example a company have a culture marked by mistrust and destructive internal competition but after coming new leadership will change their work culture in Plant to build up a personal relationship and to think about the customer, about their organization etc. Use principle to guide each and every business discussion and discussion going forward: After implement the new guiding principle use those to all business discussion and decision. By build up the principle to all the employees, will grow the employee’s performance and management system: Leader must be aware of that his people and performance management system measured and reward behaviour consistence with guiding principle. Leadership action is a key to improve work culture of a plant. To create a 2-3 leadership development experience which will reinforce behaviours and values consistent with principle and insist all leader to attend : Leader always have a capability to convert the principle into action which only can reinforce to change behaviour other also. Stay the course with patience: If a leader always do lecture in classroom or any meeting that will not help in practical field to change behaviour of employees or others. A proper leader must have capability to convert his word into work. If attendance saw the leadership principles and values that were discussed in classroom or else being lived out in a daily basis in the field will impact their behaviour and improve the cultural side in a plant. Organizational Change and Development Is organizational development appropriate in this situation? Why or why not? Organizational development in the mentioned case is visible in the endeavor of the introduction of the computer in the working pattern or the system of the project that would not only ensure more systematic way of operations but also at the same time the time of the employees will also be more effectively used. However this development could have been more all rounded had the employees been communicated more elaborately regarding the positive effects of the introduction of the computer system. What kind of resistance to change have the employees of the project displayed? The employees of the project had shown considerable amount of negative reaction to the introduction of the computer system. The excerpt clearly reveals the resistance of the employees towards the introduction of the computer. The employees who have been till then acquainted with a working style that was more manual in nature which covered jobs such as mailing, addressing envelopes or work that required typing found it to be rather uncomfortable in getting acclimatized to the use of the computer system in doing in their daily responsibilities. The employees hence were of the opinion that the sue of the computer might could lead to many confusions in their work and many mistakes could be committed in their daily work output if they opted for the use of the computer for their daily work functions. What can Martin Welk do to overcome this resistance? The only way that Welsh can actually overcome the resistance is by training the employees of the project in the use of the computer. Once the employees starts getting a hands on training in the use of the machine that they will be able to resolve all the problems that they had thought would appear in their process of getting converted to the sue of the computer in their daily jobs. Once again, only by using the machine in their day to day work functions that will the employees be able to fully realize the efficiency that could be brought into their working style by the use of the computer.

Huck Finn Essay -- essays research papers

Two people taking a trip down a river, is rarely thought of as anything more than just an adventure. Mark Twain, however, uses his novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, to explore and makes fun of many problems facing American society. Huck, the main character, is considered a boy who is under pressure to conform to the aspects of society. Jim, who comes along with Huck, is a runaway slave seeking freedom from the world that has been denied it to him for so long. Throughout the entire novel Twain uses satire to show problems with society. Early in the novel, Huck scampers away with his good friend Tom and his other buddies. The boys form a gang and then decide one of their tasks in the gang will be to kidnap people and, hold them for ransom. The problem with their plan to kidnap people and hold them for ransom is their misunderstanding of the word â€Å"ransomâ€Å". Tom has a relative idea what the word means, "But per'aps if we keep them till they're ransomed, it means that we keep them till they're dead."(12) All of the boys go along with Tom‘s meaning because he is the leader. In this part of the novel, Twain uses satire to show that even though something may be truly wrong, if society adopts it to be true, then it is known to be true. Throughout the book Twain‘s issue is with slavery, in this instance of satire. During the time period in which The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was written, religion was as much an integral part of civilization, as was an educati...

Everyone Has an Obligation to Vote Essay -- Politics Political Essays

Why should I vote? This is a simple question with a long history of debate. My vote doesn't make a difference anyway. I'm too busy. They're all crooks, why should I vote for one of them? There isn't a good choice. Nothing will change. The problem with these reasons is that they actually perpetuate the circumstances keeping would-be-voters away from the polls. Many arguments exist for both sides of the issue, however, I believe more reasons to vote exist than lame excuses. My vote is too insignificant to make a difference anyway. No one's vote "makes no difference," though the difference may be small in comparison to the whole, it is there nonetheless. Through not voting, one is only guaranteeing that one's own opinion will make no difference. If the right isn't exercised, no reason exists for its presence. Countless complaints would arise the instant anyone tried to revoke one's right to vote, therefore, that right must actually be valued. Since that right is valued, then it must be thought to have the power to make a difference, and thus the excuse is invalid. At least put fourth the effort and try to make a difference, no matter how inconsequential every little bit helps. My schedule is too busy; I don't have time to vote. Voting can be done by absentee ballot if one is out of town on Election day. No need to go anywhere or stand in lines, just fill out the ballot and mail it in. Every citizen is eligible to vote by mail if they cannot get to the polls on election day. For some it is often just a matter of convenience. With the absentee ballot, none have an excuse not to vote. It's not hard work, actually it's rather easy, almost too easy. The real reason behind this excuse usually boils down to ... ...o do so. Nonvoters, on the other hand, don't readily see those same benefits, and resist when confronted with them by voters. In conclusion, I feel that everyone has an obligation to vote, a responsibility for the betterment of themselves, their children, their peers and their country. I believe that if more people were educated as to the benefits of voting, voter turnout would dramatically increase, and promote a greater general concern. Only through knowledge will we ever be able to make a difference in the minds of nonvoters to make the choice to act upon their duty to vote. Shortly before he died, James Madison, wrote in a letter to a friend, "A popular government, without popular information, or the means of acquiring it is but a tragedy . . . a people who mean to be their own governors must arm themselves with the power which knowledge gives."

Many People Have Different Learning Styles

Your role of organizing and delivering training tarts by identifying the learners' needs. Before the course starts, You need to carry out an initial assessment of all learners, by direct contact or through their training manager / unit manager. Planning Your responsibilities are: 1 . To ensure that once the syllabus is known, you prepare for the lesson and lesson plans generated 2. To ensure the course structure and timetable are developed 3. To ensure that resources are planned IEEE laptops, projectors etc 4. To ensure accommodation is suitable 5. To get to know our students and their needs 6.To ensure that our knowledge is up to date 7. Organization is number 1 priority in delivering a good lesson 8. To organize the class room layout to suit the group you are teaching. It is necessary to keep up to date with any changes in the training curriculum, especially in SST John Ambulance as things like first aid modifications / principals change frequently to keep up with modern changes in everyday lifestyle and delivering first aid or methods in teaching. Shoots Ambulance offer regular training days / evenings to keep up to date with any changes.Boundaries with Planning There are limitations with planning, in that a Teacher can only plan for what s known and there may be unexpected occurrences that have to be dealt with in the lesson. However, there also has to be an element of â€Å"expect the unexpected† Delivery Your responsibilities are 1. To ensure that delivery is clear and concise 2. That standards are maintained 3. That YOU deliver your lesson to a consistently high standard 4. That YOU deliver a differentiated lesson taking into account different learning styles, and a differentiated lesson to engage learners at different levels.

A Study on Impact of Fdi on Service Sector Essay

The study aims to analyze the growth dynamics of the FDI. It intends to see whether the growth in FDI has any significant impact on the service sector growth and also investigates whether a growth in this sector causes the GDP to grow, also analyzes the significance of the FDI Inflows in Indian service sector. The study also looks into the sub-sectoral dynamics and indicates towards the fact that the trade, hotels and restaurants, transport. storage and communications sub-sector contributes the most in the growth of Indian service sector. FDI to developing countries in the 1990s was the leading source of external financing. It is one of the most important component of national development strategies for most of the countries in the world and an important source of non-debt inflows for attaining competitive efficiency by creating a meaningful network of global interconnections. FDI provide opportunities to host countries to enhance their economic development and opens new opportunities to home countries to optimize their earnings by employing their ideal resources. India ranks fifteenth in the services output and it provides employment to around 23% of the total workforce in the country. The various sectors under the Services Sector in India are construction, trade, hotels, transport, restaurant, communication and storage, social and personal services, community, insurance, financing, business services, and real estate. Meaning: FDI stands for Foreign Direct Investment, a component of a country’s national financial accounts. Foreign direct investment is investment of foreign assets into domestic structures, equipment, and organizations. It does not include foreign investment into the stock markets. Foreign direct investment is thought to be more useful to a country than investments in the equity of its companies because equity investments are potentially â€Å"hot money† which can leave at the first sign of trouble, whereas FDI is durable and generally useful whether things go well or badly. Classifications of Foreign Direct Investment FDI is classified depending on the direction of flow of money. * Outward FDI:Any investment made by a country in other countries will account for outward FDI. Where as, all the FDIs invested by other countries in that country is called inward FDI. Outward FDI, also referred to as â€Å"direct investment abroad†, is backed by the government against all associated risk. * Inward FDI : Inward FDI occurs when foreign capital is invested in local resources. The factors propelling the growth of inward FDI include tax breaks, low interest rates and grants. FDI is classified depending on how the subsidiary company works in par with the parent investors. * Vertical: Vertical FDIs happen when a corporation owns some share of the foreign enterprise. The local enterprise could either be supplying the input or selling finished goods to the parent corporation. The subsidiary here helps the parent company to grow more. * Horizontal: When the MNCs kick off similar business operations in different countries it becomes horizontal Foreign Direct Investment. It is actually a cloning that is happening here. Both the countries enjoy the same share of growth. FDI IN INDIA After getting independence in 1947, the government of India envisioned a socialist approach based on the USSR system to developing the country’s economy. The last decade of the 20th century witnessed a drastic increase in foreign direct investment (FDI), accompanied by a marked change in the attitude of most developing countries towards inward investment. FDI flows have grown in importance relative to other forms of international capital flows, and the resulting production has increased as a share of world output.. FDI in India has in a lot of ways enabled India to achieve a certain degree of financial stability, growth and development during recession. This money has allowed India to focus on the areas that may have needed economic attention and address various problems that continue to challenge the country. The factors that attracted investment in India are stable economic policies, availability of cheap and quality human resources, and opportunities of new unexplored markets. Mostly FDI are flowing in service sector and manufacturing sector recorded very low investments. The investments in service sector enhanced the benefit of flow of funds to the home country. Presently India is contributing about 17% of world total population but the share of GDP to world GDP is 2%. India has been ranked at the second place in global foreign direct investments in 2010 and will continue to remain among the top five attractive destinations for international investors during 2010-12 period, according to United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in a report on world investment prospects titled, ‘World Investment Prospects Survey 2009-2012’. According to the fact sheet on foreign direct investment dated October 2010. Mauritius is the highest FDI investment in equity inflows with 42% of the total inflow followed by Singapore, USA, UK and Netherlands with 9%, 7%, 5% and 4% respectively. Service sector is the highest FDI attracting inflows with 21% of the total inflows, followed by computer software and hardware, telecommunication and housing and real estate with 9%, 8%, 7% and 7% inflows respectively. A report released in February 2010 by Leeds University Business School, commissioned by UK Trade ;amp; Investment (UKTI), ranks India among the top three countries where British companies can do better business during 2012-14. According to Ernst and Young’s 2010 European Attractiveness Survey, India is ranked as the fourth most attractive foreign direct investment destination in 2010.

Aristotle In Virtue Ethics

Aristotle In Virtue Ethics Aristotle was a Greek philosopher, scientist as well as logician who lived between 384 and 322 BC. Aristotle is highly regarded as one of the famous thinkers in various fields such as political theory. He is an ancient thinker who was an effective contributor together with his teacher Plato. His desire and contribution started at an early age, at the time he was in school ‘in Plato’s academy in Athens’. He has moved places in search of philosophical and biological knowledge. He moved to places such as Asia and Lesbos. His life was known to have the greatest influence to his political thought. Through his travelling, he had various experiences in different kinds of political systems and hence gained a lot in the field of politics. Not only in history he also made an effective contribution to other areas such geography whereby he concluded that the earth was round instead of the earlier believe that it was flat. Aristotle contribution has been of great positive eff ect to man’s life and even in today’s community there are still his findings ‘which are applicable’. One of the many areas that Aristotle contributed and his contribution was noted ‘is the topic on virtue ethics? Briefly virtue ethics is concerned with traits of characters that are found to be essential for human flourishing. Virtue ethics emphasizes the role played an individual’s character and also the virtues that determine his behavior. It forms the basis to normative ethics ‘which the opposite of deontology’. According to Aristotle, happiness is referred is an activity, hence referring it a way of life and it is depicted on how we act and not how or whom we are. The general concept behind virtue ethics is that it looks into what the individual should choose to be rather than depending on the external factors to change a person. People have the power to choose what they ought to be rather than depend solely such as culture. Vi rtue ethics is currently one of three major approaches in normative ethics. It looks more into the moral character rather than duties and rules (deontology) or rather one that deals with consequences of actions simplified as consequentialism. According to Aristotle, virtue means excellence happiness whereby people can only be happy when they have fulfilled their basic function or purpose. People need to act well and practice reasoning. Aristotle divided virtue into intellectual and the moral virtues. According to Aristotle the highest target of all people is directed by happiness which he defined as continuous contemplation of the internal and external truth. This happiness is attained trough virtuous life as well as development of wisdom and reason. An individual needs sufficient external goods to ensure opportunity for virtuous action. Virtuous acts need mindful choice and moral reason or inspiration. However, moral virtue cannot be achieved abstractly but rather requires moral ac tion in any social environment. Both ethics and politic are close to each other as Aristotle refers to politics like a science of making the society in which people can have the good life as they develop their full potential. Despite the work of Aristotle, he tries hard to convince us what is virtuous. This has differed from the teaching from the modern moral philosophers. This is because he put very little effort on the moral development of individuals. For one to be a good person he needs to practice so as to gain the good habit and the virtue is a good state of soul that is acquired through habit of an individual.

Is college worth the cost(investment) to attend Essay

Is college worth the cost(investment) to attend - Essay Example People believe that their investments would be returned to them in spite of high price for education. People dream about numerous chances and opportunities of having higher returns after their investments into education. At the same time, there are different political parties, which, on the one hand, promote their social shifts through educational institutions, but, on the other hand, do not want to make reliable investments in education. Argument 1 Different prospects of higher returns are often misunderstood by people and they are often concerned about financial side of education and its high financial returns. Quality of education and personal striving in this process is often omitted. Education requires a high emotional and mind contribution. Different studies of the past years summarize the following assumptions about education: â€Å"the idea that college is an excellent investment paying a high return in terms of lifetime income has been buttressed by numerous studies over the years purporting to show that college graduates earn a large premium over a lifetime in comparison to individuals who earn only a high school diploma or who attend some college without completing a four-year degree† (Wood 210). Again the matter is about financial and material side of the education. There is no word about qualitative and emotional load of education. A high intellectual attainment is very much required from the stud ents in the process of education. Educational institutions are on the way of improvement of their potential goals. A marketplace credential and a diploma of higher education are two different things. There is no way to compare them. A student’s wholeness and intellectual attainment are proved by the diploma. Intellectual maturity and mind’s ability to produce emotional and creative power should be the main points for confirmation in the process of higher education. Argument 2 The University has often been

Operational Management 302 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Operational Management 302 - Essay Example The implementation of these standards is usually through the national standard bodies. In particular, ISO 9000 deals with quality management systems. ISO 9000 is a family of standards that provides organizations with quality management standards as well as quality products and services. Some of the notable standards include the ISO 9001: 2008 that provide the specific requirements that are set for a quality management system. Another standard is the 9000: 2009; this provides the basic concepts that are applied as well as the language. In order to increase the efficiency and the effectiveness of a quality management system, the ISO: 9004: 2009 comes into play. The most recent in this family is the ISO 19011: 2011; this one provides guidance on the audit of quality management system. ISO 9000 provides for a system audit in order to ensure adherence to set standards. Auditing is done in two main ways, firstly, by an external auditor and secondly by an internal auditor. The main objective of auditing is to ensure that at no given point will the system fail while providing continual improvement of the system. In some cases, the company can make a step of having the clients conduct an audit of the quality management systems. Auditing makes the company to develop an initiative of regular monitoring of its systems in order to ensure there is compliance with the set standards. Full compliance with the provisions of the ISO 9000 standards makes an organization to be ISO 9000-certified. The process of certification requires that an accreditation body be hired to conduct the assessment in order to prove whether there is compliance or not. The assessment of the organization is done from the staff level where they are interviewed in order to ensure they have an understanding of ISO compliance. In addition, the paperwork is assessed; a report is then made that details all the requirements that have been met as well as those that do not comply.

Analyse the causes of the Credit Crunch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analyse the causes of the Credit Crunch - Essay Example What is also significant to understand that the current crises are not just the result of the subprime mortgage crises but encompass different other reasons which have necessarily increased the overall severity of the crises. Further, banks also started to repossess the homes taken as collateral against the subprime mortgage loans which resulted into the decline in the prices of real estate. Credit Crunch is defined as a sudden decrease in the available funds for the purpose of lending and as such the credit crunch that resulted into US and spread to other countries includes a drastic reduction in the credit extended to private sector as well as consumers. The apparent reason for this credit crunch is subprime mortgage crises however; there are three major reasons that are often cited as the key reasons behind the overall credit crunch experienced by the developed world. Banks are considered as the main actors behind the current credit crunch episode due to their imprudent lending policies. Over the period of time, banks started to lend to those borrowers who had relatively high credit risk however, due to their higher credit risk, they also offered an opportunity to earn higher returns. In order to increase their profitability, banks and other financial institutions therefore started to lend to subprime borrowers in mortgage markets. What is however, important to understand that the banks, in order to recoup their lost liquidity, started to bundle these subprime mortgage loans into mortgage backed securities and sold them in secondary markets. The problems aroused when subprime borrowers started to default on their payments and banks have to take other funds to payback their obligations against mortgage backed securities. The process of securitization therefore further aggravated the situation. This is because of the fact that the funds that were available for the lending were used

Role of Zoos in Conservation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Role of Zoos in Conservation - Essay Example Role of Zoos in Conservation The tropical rainforests have high humidity owing to excess moisture from rainfall, heavy cloud cover and transpiration due to loss of water from leaves. Rainforests are known to generate a majority of their own rain and precipitation. For instance, the Amazon generates almost half of its own rain. Rainforests have a characteristic vegetative structure with several layers named overstory canopy, understory, shrub layer, and ground level (Butler). The canopy is the dense part of the forest consisting of a ceiling of leaves and branches of closely spaced trees. The overstory is the upper canopy about 100-130 above the floor of the forest. The understory occurs below the canopy. The shrub layer is about 5-20 feet above the forest floor and mostly consists of shrubs and tree saplings (Butler). The wildlife varies based on which level of the forest it inhabits. Tropical rainforests have extremely high biological diversity. They are extremely important, complex yet fragile ecosystems. They , especially the Amazon rainforests, are considered the lungs of the planet because they recycle most of the carbon dioxide to oxygen. A vast majority, i.e. more than half of the world’s plant, animal and insect species live in tropical rainforests. At least 80% of human’s original diet came from tropical rainforests. They provide a large number of food and medicinal products. They are extremely vital for the maintenance of normal climate as well as the biological diversity of the planet. Tropical rainforests cover only about 6% of the earth’s surface.

Budgets Forecast for Energy Drink Company Essay

Budgets Forecast for Energy Drink Company - Essay Example Marginal costing takes into account variable costs during production while Fixed manufacturing overhead is treated as period costs. It is believed that only the variable costs are relevant to decision-making and that the reason why they are considered in production. Fixed manufacturing overheads will be incurred regardless there is production or not. Appendix 1 illustrates a cost statement using marginal costing. The contribution margin is positive; therefore the plan of manufacturing an energy drink is a viable one. The fixed costs are not useful in the decision-making process that is why contribution margin is used as it excluded fixed costs. Break-even analysis is used in showing the relationship between selling prices, sales volume, variable costs, fixed costs and profits at various levels of activity. It is also referred to as cost-volume-profit analysis. It used in determining the break-even point. BEP is the level of activity where the total revenue equals the total costs. Therefore, no profits are realized at the BEP. However, break-even analysis has its limitations. To begin with, breakeven analysis assumes that fixed cost, variable costs and sales revenue behaves are linear. However, this is not the case since some overhead costs may be stepped in nature. As a result, the straight sales revenue line and total cost line tend to curve beyond a certain level of production Another limitation of break-even analysis is that it assumes that all the stock produced is sold. Therefore, changes in stock levels are not taken into account in the breakeven chart. Finally, breakeven analysis is only suitable for providing information to relatively small companies that produce one type of products. Thus it’s not suitable for companies producing a different product. Forecasting is used in estimating future performance of the business. It is useful in the financial planning process which entails assessing future financial needs.

Affirmative Action Essay Example for Free

Affirmative Action Essay Martin Luther King, Jr. once said, â€Å"Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.† This statement will always ring true especially on the subject of equal opportunity when it comes to employment and education here in the United States. It’s no secret that equality has been something America has always lacked, but at the same time has always been something America stood for. In fact it can be easily inferred that equality among all men has been something America has stride for since it gained independence from the British in 1776. Our founding fathers were the first to have this initial thought, that being best portrayed in the declaration of independence, which state’s We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.(qtd. In declaration of independence) To me this means our founding fathers believed that every man from birth has the god given right to a life of liberty and the pursuit of happiness, but somewhere during Americas journey as a country it forgot it’s true creed and became it’s own tyrant preventing people from reaching their full potential while also denying it’s own citizens liberty and a pursuit to happiness. And although achieving equality in this country has been nothing short of easy with countless set backs and hypocritical ideas, equality among all its citizens is still something America does strides for, and nothing brings you direct equality quit like Affirmative Action does. If you consider affirmative action for its intentional purposes than Affirmative Action is very just, its purpose being to equalize the education and economic gap between minorities and causations. Although it is not a perfect method to achieving equality in this country, it is essential to accept it for why it’s been put into place and that it is all part of a process. Of course affirmative action is far from perfect and has a fair deal of problems, like promoting reverse discrimination while backing up negative stereotypes. I researched all of these aspects while pondering the question â€Å"is affirmative action still needed in today’s society?† In this paper I will be explaining what affirmative action is. The History behind affirmative action like how it all unfolded, who made it, and the history as to why it is in effect now. I will also list some pros and cons of affirmative action, how the United States could better affirmative action for the future and f inally a conclusion, which is my opinion on the topic. But what exactly is Affrimative action? Born of the civil rights movement three decades ago, affirmative action calls for minorities and women to be given special consideration in employment and education acceptance decisions. Universities with affirmative action policies generally set goals to increase diversity. Affirmative action decisions are generally not supposed to be based on quotas, nor are they supposed to give any preference to unqualified candidates. And by no means is affirmative action supposed to harm anyone through reverse discrimination. The purpose was to create equal opportunity for the people who had been unjustly treated in the past. It was set out to correct this wrong, and make it right. But at the same time too often is Affrimative action is looked upon as a solution for a nation once ill with, but now cured of, the evil disease of racial discrimination. Some would say Affirmative action is, and should be seen as, a temporary, partial, and perhaps even flawed cure for past and continuing discrimination. But all in all affirmative action is defined as â€Å"The positive steps taken to increase the representation of women and minorities in areas of employment, education, and business from which they have been historically excluded. When those steps involve preferential selection—selection on the basis of race, gender, or ethnicity† (Fullinwider) Of course affirmative action has a very deep history to it, and to why it was put into place. Now that you understand the purpose for which it was made, le t me explain who made it and why affirmative action was created. The history of Affirmative action, the first step in affirmative action was the creation of it. President John F. Kennedy first introduced it in 1961. The following is in sections to show the timeline of affirmative action in the begging stages of its creation: * March 6, 1961 Executive Order 10925 makes the first reference to affirmative action (Timeline) President John F. Kennedy issues Executive Order 10925, which creates the Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity and mandates that projects financed with federal funds take affirmative action to ensure that hiring and employment practices are free of racial bias. * July 2, 1964 Civil Rights Act signed by President Lyndon Johnson The most sweeping civil rights legislation since Reconstruction, the Civil Rights Act prohibits discrimination of all kinds based on race, color, religion, or national origin. (Timeline) * June 4, 1965 Speech defining concept of affirmative action In an eloquent speech to the graduating class at Howard University, President Johnson frames the concept underlying affirmative action, asserting that civil rights laws alone are not enough to remedy discrimination: You do not wipe away the scars of centuries by saying: now, you are free to go where you want, do as you desire, and choose the leaders you please. You do not take a man who for years has been hobbled by chains, liberate him, bring him to the starting line of a race, saying, you are free to compete with all the others, and still justly believe you have been completely fair . . . This is the next and more profound stage of the battle for civil rights. We seek not just freedom but opportunity—not just legal equity but human ability—not just equality as a right and a theory, but equality as a fact and as a result. (Timeline) * Sept. 24,1965 Executive Order 11246 enforces affirmative action for the first time (Timeline) Issued by President Johnson, the executive order requires government contractors to take affirmative action toward prospective minority employees in all aspects of hiring and employment. The rest of the affirmative actions timeline from here on out is mainly just Supreme Court cases, which can help define what exactly it can do and what exactly it can’t do. * In the 1978 Supreme Court case University of California vs. Bakke, a white male named Allan Bakke claimed reverse discrimination because he was rejected twice from medical school while less-qualified minority students were admitted to fill a quota that required 18 out of every 100 places be filled with minorities. The Supreme Court ruled against inflexible quota systems, but did not outlaw affirmative action as a whole.(Timeline) Most of the lawsuits were against Universities since many universities also adopted affirmative action programs in the 1970s. These programs were aimed at increasing black enrollment and the number of black faculty. None more notable then Jenifer Gatz law suit again the University of Michigan â€Å"Gratz vs. Bollinger and Grutter vs. Bollinger.† It ruled that affirmative action fulfills a compelling interest in obtaining the educational benefits that flow from a diverse student body. The purpose of affirmative action policy shifted from redressing injustice to promoting values of diversity. But even after all these deciding cases on affirmative action it’s still a heated matter of dispute. After much legislation and many Supreme Court decisions, affirmative action continues to be controversial (Legal History, Ongoing Debates section, para. 1). These controversies lead to questions, which can only be answered by understanding why affirmative action was put into effect in the first place. It is important to remember affirmative action is still a work in progress to achieve something much bigger than any one individual. People tend to forget that and the history to why affirmative action was put into place. It cannot be denied that Americas history is full of mistreatment of minority individuals. Women did not have a chance to vote for nearly a century and half after the birth of the country. African Americans were captured and forced into slavery, Although the Thirteenth Amendment ended institutionalized slavery in the United States in 1865, African Americans were not treated equal to whites in the eyes of the law for nearly another century, they were considered only one third of citizen. So with the two hundred years of slavery coming to an abrupt end a new regime or prejudices was to come into effect. Of course even after the end of slavery African Americans were consistently denied employment, housing, and education. In the south discrimination was a daily routine supported by â€Å"Jim Crow laws.†(Affirmative action) Unjust social statues and norms were passed in the 1800s that establish separate, inferior, public facilities, schools, waiting rooms, railways cars, and restrooms for African Americans through out the country. This has caused a domino effect on our society that still seen today. Those outrageous social norms were practiced in America until late in the civil rights movement when president JFK finally acknowledged the struggle for equality and the idea of Affirmative Action was born. After President Kennedy’s assignation, President Lyndon B. Johnson passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964. It banned discrimination on the basis of race, national origin, and sex in the areas of employment, public facilities, and government programs. The idea of equality in America, that every man is created equally was slowly and surly becoming more realistic, due largely to Martin Luther Kings efforts. Here are Dr. King’s own words on the idea of Affirmative action from his 1963 book â€Å"why cant we wait† King states: â€Å"Among the many vital jobs to be done, the nation must not only radically readjust its attitude toward the Negro in the compelling present, but must incorporate in its planning some compensatory consideration for the handicaps he has inherited from the past. It is impossible to create a formula for the future which does not take into account that our society has been doing something special against the Negro for hundreds of years. How then can he be absorbed into the mainstream of American life if we do not do something special for him now, in order to balance the equation and equip him to compete on a just and equal basis?† – Martin Luther King J.R (Wise) In his 1967 book, Where Do We Go From Here: Chaos or Community? King argued: A society that has done something special against the Negro for hundreds of years must now do something special for him, to equip him to compete on a just and equal basis.(wise) Continuing: â€Å"†¦for Two centuries the Negro was enslaved and robbed of any wages: potential accrued wealth which would have been the legacy of his descendants. All of Americas wealth could not adequately compensate its Negroes for his centuries of exploitation and humiliation. It is an economic fact that a program such as I propose would certainly cost far less than any computation of two centuries of unpaid wages plus accumulated interest. In any case, I do not intend that this program of economic aid should apply only to the Negro: it should benefit the disadvantaged of all races.†- Martin Luther King J.R (Wise) It is clear that these are some of the reasons why Martin Luther King J.R and others thought affirmative action should be and eventually was put into effect. A large part as to why affirmative action is in effect is so Compensation can be made to those who are at a disadvantage due to past racial biases and predjedism. You should now have a better idea as to what exactly affirmative action is, what it’s intentions are, the history behind who made it and the deeper history as to why it is still in effect and why it was originally put into effect. Affirmative action is however a major controversy in the United States, ever since it’s beginning, the concept of affirmative action raised difficult questions. â€Å"Many civil rights activists see affirmative action as a necessary step in achieving equality for groups that had faced discrimination in the past. However, critics of affirmative action argued that individuals should be treated on their own merits without regard to color, national origin, or sex.†(Affirmative Action) The Benefits of Affirmative Action â€Å"The one benefit of affirmative action is to correct past discriminations such as the mistreatment of women and slavery. This remedial justification of affirmative action recognizes that wrongs have been committed in the past and acknowledges a moral obligation to set things right† (Affirmative Action Pros and Cons, The Origins Of, Legal Treatment Of, Political and Social Debates, The Future, Pros and Cons section, para. 1). It is important for injustices to be redressed. â€Å"Slavery and institutionalized racism have not been redressed yet in America and around the world. In order for justice to be served, it is necessary for the main losers of racism in America (African Americans) to be compensated for their loses through affirmative action.† (Affirmative Action) And affirmative action does just that, not in the sense of giving physical money, but through opportunities in education and in life. The following are the benefits affirmative action provides: Affirmative action has provided many opportunities for students from diverse backgrounds and income levels who ordinarily would not be considered for admission to colleges and universities. This means that the pool of talent coming out of the higher education system is larger and better able to contribute as productive members of the workforce. Affirmative action has had a profound effect on employment hiring and promoting practices. Historically, â€Å"close to 90% of all jobs are filled without being advertised, with the majority of positions going to friends, relatives, or acquaintances of company employees.†(Wise) This is often the case with a lot of jobs. Unfortunately it can boil down to whom one knows not what they know. The result of this practice is that employers often end up with employees who are not the best person for the job if it were properly advertised. Affirmative action has encouraged many companies to engage in employment practices that set minimum standards of job definition, recruiting, outreach, and evaluation that result in choosing the right person for the job. Finding the right person for the job or the promotion is critical in letting business efficiently utilize the workforce and allow each person to reach his or her full potential. Diversity in itself is desirable, it has been since the birth of this country, but it won’t always occur if left to chance. But when affirmative action is working like its initial purpose was intended too miraculous things can happen, and there are good facts to back that up. â€Å"Between 1981 and 2001, the total number of degrees awarded to Native Americans rose by 151.9% because of affirmative action policies.† (Patterns) Also, from â€Å"1982 to 1995, there has been an increase in the percent of black managers from 5 to 7 percent. Hispanics have shown a 3 percent increase from 5 percent in 1982.†(Patterns) Affirmative Action has been successful in providing minorities with opportunities. â€Å"At the same time a recent study has shown a person with a white sounding name has a 50% more change of getting a call back from a interview than those with black sounding name even when qualifications are indistinguishable.† (Tim Wise) Again equality is desirable but it won’t always occur if left to chance. â€Å"Eliminating affirmative action can lead to the re-segregation of higher education. When affirmative action was outlawed at the University of Texas in 1995, the number of black students at the UT Law School dropped from 65 in 1996 to 11 in 1997 and Latino student enrollments have been cut in half since the decision.† (Patterns) this isn’t necessarily a pro, but interesting enough. With affirmative action being banned in Texas the number of white students also dramatically increased while the number of Asians skyrocketed. I guess the best-qualified applicants where accepted. Here is a statistics that shows why affirmative action is still needed. For â€Å"every dollar earned by men, women earn 74 cents, African American women earn 63 cents and Latina women earn 57 cents.† (Patterns) This unjust statistics will continue with out the help of something like affirmative action. It is the reality inequalities like this that suggest maybe affirmative action should be left alone till equality is fully reached or a better solution is thought of.